Recognition and Prediction of Land Dynamics and Its Associated Impacts in Al-Qurayyat City and along Al-Shamal Train Pathway in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has experienced substantial urban growth over the last few decades, transforming from rural to communities due rapid economic growth. is ranked as one of most urbanized countries, with more than 80% its population existing in centers. Four Landsat imagery datasets acquired 1989, 2002, 2013, and 2021 were used estimate dynamics land cover Al-Qurayyat City investigate relationship between construction Al-Shamal train 2011 dynamics. The results emphasize a strong intercorrelation pathway development urbanization City. show that built-up area expanded 1.96% 7.25% 1989 2021. Future prediction 2030 estimated using Markov chain CA-Markov models. findings future 60% total will transform into areas by 2030. dramatic increase subsequent reduction other types impact environmental sustainability this paper recommend smart growth, which guarantees environmentally friendly for use/land planning This study be beneficial planner policymakers proper sustainable decisions exploring changing pattern trends expansion.